Sale of Property (Case Law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sale of Property (Case Law) - Essay Example To begin with, it is imperative to understand the different types of property that can be sold. Basically there are two types of property: real and personal property. Real property in this case refers to the land and anything that is growing, erected or affixed to it, including the crops and buildings. The term is also used to refer to any rights attached to the ownership of the land. Therefore, the terms real property and real estate both refer to land. Land also includes everything found above and beneath it such as oil, minerals and gases (Laitos 1998, p. 4-13). Personal property (movable property), on the other hand, is anything other than land which can be subject of ownership such as money, inventory, copyrights and patents, as well as intangible property. The difference between personal and real property can be recognized very easily. Nevertheless, its character can be altered. In this case, a property that was initially personal in nature may become a real property by being a nnexed to it. For instance, this may happen when a rail is converted into a fence on land. However, in certain cases the agreement or intention of the parties determines whether a property annexed retains its character as personal property. ... In this regard, possession refers to the interest in a given property under which an individual to the exclusion of others is able to exercise some degree of power over something. Basically, it is the property right that entitles the possessor to continue peaceful possession against any other person except someone with a superior right (Stoebuck, Whitman and Cunningham 2000, p.14-22). This also gives the possessor the right to recover personal property, that has been acquired wrongfully and to recover damages against offenders. As such, it means that in case Mr. Blog only possesses the said properties without ownership, then he has no right of passing the title to the purchaser. In this case, if he happens to transfer the property to the buyer and latter own its owner comes along and claim for it, then the buyer would have to surrender the property since it is voidable. Therefore, it is important that the buyer consider the true ownership of the property before committing to buying t he property. Based on the common law principle, an individual cannot pass a better title than he or she has (Mattei 2000, p.13-29). This implies that a buyer cannot acquire a better title than that of the seller. For instance, since a thief does not have a title to the stolen goods, it follows that a person who purchases goods that are stolen acquire no title. This implies that the purchaser would also have to determine if Mr. blog is the bona fide owner of the properties he is selling. This is to unearth whether the properties that Mr. Blog is to sell are stolen, grabbed or are for someone else. The reason being, if the properties that Mr. Blog wants to sell happens to have been acquired illegally, then any transfer to the purchaser

Business Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Communications - Essay Example In the same manner the power point presentations devised by the managers to transmit a potential business message to the target business audience also gains effectiveness in that the same contributes in development of business or in meeting objectives relating to profit and business growth. Thus the information transmitted whether through media or through power point presentations must indeed be sensible enough in meeting the information needs of the target audiences to help achieve the end objectives. Thus Jerry Weissman is definitely right in putting the statement ‘media sensibility applied to business community’. Thus a power point presentation created by a business community needs to follow or satisfy certain salient points in order to become sensible in its approach. Here the power point presentation is to be considered as a potential medium like the broadcasting programs aired on television or radio through which the right and effective message needs to be conveyed to the target audience. Firstly the presentation must be prepared to render points in a clarified fashion to help the audience get a clear understanding of the message that is needed to be conveyed. Secondly apart from having clear points of view the presentation must also have clear benefits or positive attributes such that it contributes in the development of the present business situation. Thirdly it must be kept in mid by the presenter that the information need to possess a clear flow or structure to help the target audience grab the sequence of the information flow. Overlapping or leap in the flow of the information renders confusion to the information processing function and thereby distorts the meaning of the message conveyed. Similarly in the fourth case the power point presentation must not contain information that is irrelevant or excess in nature. Rather information rendered must be effectively evaluated as such that contributes in meeting the information objectives of t he end recipient. Finally the information rendered through the power point medium must not be over exhaustive. Rather the length of the message must be cut short to reduce the element of boredom relating to the end recipients. These things kept in mind would contribute in enhancing the efficacy of the power point presentations in acting as a potential medium for transmission of business messages to the target business audiences. Therefore an efficient presenter needs to effectively evaluate the information needs of the audiences and thereby streamline essential information to satisfy end needs and objectives (Weissman 1-10). The presenter while designing an effective power point presentation must endeavor to relate the concept and understandings of the different slides so as to convey a central meaning to the audiences. Each of the different slides presented tends to put in front of the recipients an entire new story or understanding. The recipient failing to relate the story or con cepts presented in each of the different slides happens to gain significant confusion about the total presentation. This failure of the recipients in availing a central meaning distorts the level of understanding of the recipients and thereby causes the rise of perceptual differences among the participants. Participants or recipients in the power point p

Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Report - Research Paper Example This makes it extremely hard for such businesses to structure their operations toward meeting fully the demands of their customers (Noel 67). It was found out that most companies and businesses ignore the importance of information relating to consumer behavior. More than half of the businesses have failed to put into consideration the significance of data regarding the consumers; responses and behavior patterns in the market. Just about two-thirds of firms use the information they have to make decisions (Linehan 100). From the above statistics, it is noticeable that companies ignore the role consumer behavior plays in their market performance. It is suggested that all firms should focus and invest in unearthing information about their consumers’ behaviors. The data collected should be interpreted and utilized in formulating strategic decisions that aim at improving sales performance (Hanley and Morgan

Chemistry Design Prac Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Design Prac Essay Investigate one chemistry related factor on the deflection of the liquid flow in the presence of a charged rod Research question How will the amount of time spent rubbing a glass rod affect the angle of deflection of flowing water in the presence of the charged glass rod? Background Research Static electricity is formed in contact with two objects, where one object gains electrons from another, resulting in one object having a positive charge while the other having a negative charge. Some materials tend to lose or gain electrons during contact with other objects. Materials with electrons bonded to it weakly, tend to lose electrons while materials with fewer electrons on the outer shell tend to gain electrons. Therefore, when an object is imbalanced of a positive or negative charge, it has static electricity. Polarity is the separation of electric charges, caused when electrons are not equally shared in a molecule. This is caused when some atoms in the molecule have a higher electronegativity than others, causing more electrons to be attracted to it, leaving one side of the molecule more negative than the other. An element or molecule with an electro negativity value of 0.5+ is considered to be polar. When a polar liquid such as water is flowing in a presence of a charged rod, the liquid tend to bend towards the rod. This is because the rod will either be positively or negatively charged, and the dipoles of the polar molecule will be attracted to the charged rod. The charge on the rod is determined by the material which is used to rub against it, however, it does not matter whether the rod is positively or negatively charged because either way, the opposite dipoles of the polar molecule will be attracted towards it, causing the flow of the liquid to bend towards the charged rod. Defining Independent and Dependent Variables Independent The amount of time rubbing the glass rod with a piece of silk. 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds 40 seconds 50 seconds 60 seconds Dependent The angle of deflection of the flowing water will be measured with grid paper with a smallest increment of 1mm. A line will be drawn on the grid paper from the point where the glass rod was places to the point where the water was deflected. A protractor with a smallest increment of 0.5 degrees will be used to calculate the angle of deflection of the water. Controlling Variables Table 1 Variables and Method of control Type Variable Method of Control Controlled The rate of the flow of water Adjust the burette to deliver the smallest stream of water possible but without being discontinuous. The water will be kept flowing at the same rate, throughout the experiment. The glass rod The same glass rod with a diameter of 1cm will be used throughout the experiment. Pressure when rubbing the glass rod Use the same person to rub the glass rod against the silk, applying the same pressure every time. Placement of the glass rod A line will be marked on the grid paper so the glass rod will be placed at the exact point and the exact angle to the flowing water every time. Placement of the grid paper The grid paper will be sticky taped to the burette and placed as close as possible to the flowing water. The same grid paper will be used and left at the same position throughout the experiment. Weather conditions The experiment will be conducted in a room with all windows closed and air conditioning switched off to reduce effects atmospheric effects on the angle of deflection of the water. Stopwatch The one person will be using the same stopwatch every time to reduce systematic errors. Material The same piece of silk cloth (20 cm in length, 15cm in width) will be used throughout the experiment The experimenters The same two people, (person with stopwatch and person controlling the glass rod) will conduct the experiment to keep random errors in measurements and readings consistent. Materials and Equipments List: 50 mL Burette 20cm x 15cm silk cloth 1cm diameter glass rod Distilled water 200 mL Beaker A4 Grid paper with increments of 1mm Protractor with increments of 0.5 degrees Retort Stand clamp Pen Ruler Sticky tape Stop watch Method 1. Attach the clamp to the retort stand. 2. Fill the burette with distilled water to approx 1cm from the top and attach it to the clamp 3. Draw a straight line on the grid paper with a ruler and sticky tape it to the bottom of the burette, lining up the line on the paper exactly with the flow of the water coming out of the burette. 4. Also Draw a line 90 degrees towards the line if the flowing water but stopping at 0.5 cm from the line. This line will be where the charged glass rod will be placed 5. Also mark the origin (the tip of the burette, where the water comes out) on the grid paper 6. Place the 200 mL beaker under the burette and let the water run down 7. Start the timer on the stopwatch and simultaneously, begin rubbing the glass rod against the piece of silk 8. Stop the stop watch at 10 seconds and immediately place the charged rod as close as possible to the line drawn on the grid paper 9. Mark the angle of deflection of the water on the grid paper 10. Wait 1 minute until the rod is completely uncharged 11. Repeat steps 6 9 12. Repeat the experiment from steps 6 10, changing the time rubbing the glass rod against the silk cloth by 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds. 13. Remove the grid paper and line up all the points of the deflected water to the origin 14. Measure the angles with a protractor and record the results into the table below 15. Pack up the experiment Table 2 Raw data table Time charging the glass rod Angle of deflection of water Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Trial 6 Average 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds 40 seconds 50 seconds 60 seconds Table 3 Risks involved in the experiment and safety precautions to reduce the risks Risk Safety Precaution Action to take The burette is very long and is made of glass and can be broken easily Hold the burette with two hands and always watch for obstacles when carrying around the lab. Wear closed in shoes, lab coat and safety glasses in case the burette breaks. Carefully pick up the large pieces of broken glass one by one and throw in the glass bin. Use a brush to sweep all the small bits into the bin. Make sure there is no remaining broken glass in the lab. Bibliography 1. Columbia University Press (1978-1979). New Illustrated Columbia Encyclopaedia 2. Neuss, Geoffrey (2007). Chemistry Course Companion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=nkwM28diKF4Cpg=PT109lpg=PT109dq=deflection+charged+rodsource=blots=dk2TPy7IOfsig=g-MDZP6Q5kDsur57EIejpgJ54bghl=enei=48FrSp2bFIzusQOsy72WBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2 4. Department of Physics and Physical Science, University of Nebrasky, Kearney Falling Water http://rip.physics.unk.edu/CyberTextBook/fallingwater/ 5. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=nkwM28diKF4Cpg=PT109lpg=PT109dq=charged+rod+deflect+watersource=blots=dk2TQr4PPgsig=iwM-1qHxsAtaF9XoGZ1Mw9UCn6ghl=enei=OStsSqjFIo6qtgOT16WWBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3

Comparison of Chinese and Western Advertising

Comparison of Chinese and Western Advertising Advertising is not only an economic phenomenon, but also a cultural phenomenon, which is a kaleidoscope, the reflection of social culture. Linguists Wallace called the ads as the most culturally characterized social language among all the discourses. Culture is a compound entirety, and every community has its own unique culture. And language is an important part of culture, which mirrors the history and cultural background of a country, as well as contains the nations life style and thinking style. That is to say, the development of language has accumulated abundant culture, the writing of which reflects the most profound connotation of culture. Thus, as a part of language, inevitably, advertisement language can be influenced by culture. This thesis researches into the cultural differences between China and western countries reflected in advertising language, in order to make communication between China and western counties much easier. [Key Words] Advertisement; Cultural Differences; Values; National Trait I. Introduction In the age of information, advertising has become an important source of information for modern life. With the globalization of the economy, advertising is becoming a worldwide commercial activity nowadays. As different kinds of culture conflicted with each other, any commercial advertising can not only operate in the information conveying commodities, but also have a mission of cultural dissemination. Different cultural backgrounds, different values breed different advertising creativity. The study is attempted to explore the cultural differences between China and western countries through various examples, with the purpose of getting better understanding of the developing trend of advertising both at home and abroad. Language is the mirror and reflection of culture. As a special kind of expression of language, advertisement, with no doubt, cant be separated from language. Therefore, it was born with a deep print of culture inevitably. As for the cultural differences, a number of scholars have tried to explain it in different aspects. In the past on the study of cultural differences in advertising, people tended to pick the perspective of linguistics, focusing on the vocabulary, syntax and rhetoric identity, but it is not limited to language but rather a cultural phenomenon. Many academics are trying to explore cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. The Dutch scholar G Hofstede who took three dimensions to analyze East-West cultural differences: individualism and collectivism self-reference and ethnocentricity, color signs and symbols, were more successful. Many Chinese scholars also did some research from a variety of angles in this area, such as Niu Xiaojuan, Xu Dezhen and so on. On the basis of the formers, the author collected a large number of materials, trying to discuss cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. Advertisement is part of culture. Culture includes philosophy, thinking, behavior, cultural psychology, ethics, customs, traditions and religious beliefs of history, and so on. The author have read a lot of books and collected a large number of materials concerning this study. Herein the author only chooses some aspects of culture to analyze and explore the differences between China and western countries. II. Definitions of Culture Advertisement 2.1 Culture Culture, a hot issue at home and abroad, is a very complicated, multidimensional, and nonrepresentational subject. According to the definition from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Crystal, 1997: 784), culture is the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior. Culture defined consists of language, ideas, customs, beliefs, institutions, tools, techniques, taboos, and works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components. And Hurford (1987: 315) defines culture as the most general concept to describe the behavior of human being and history. It refers to many items at different levels of generality: ideas, values, emotions, actions, tendencies and accumulations. In fact, although there are hundreds of definitions of culture, anthropologists agree that the learned ways of behaving and adapting are included in the culture, as contrasted to carry on behavioral patterns of instincts. Social scientists divide culture into several groups like family, politics, economics, education and religion. Culture and language are connecting to each other. Culture can not be discussed without language used in it. According to Kirkpatrick (1995: 271-295), culture refers to The life way and its manifestations that are specifically to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression. Culture is an abstraction concept; it includes almost everything, no matter material or spiritual. Language is the expression of culture. Different languages have its different cultural meanings. It is limited to accept diversity culture, especially the spiritual scope. But Language is the most important foundation of the transfer of culture. One aspect is, as the basic part of culture, language carries culture, reflects culture, and develops culture. Another aspect is language is influenced by culture deeply in many aspects of our life. 2.2 Advertisement There are many definitions for advertisement; American Marketing Association defines advertising as the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by dandified sponsor through various media. With the development of technology and globalization, advertisement is run through into every aspect in various styles and becoming a rigueur part of our daily life. The advertisement is a commercial activity in the market economy for the image of enterprises and the brand of a product. The customers, as the audience of the advertisement, are edified by different cultural environment in their thoughts and consciousness. Advertising language, including advertising words and pictures, is a peculiar form of language, and the particularity determined its close bond with culture. Therefore the advertisement composers are inclined to design the ads on the basis of good understanding of the cultural characteristics and rack their brains to make the ads catering to the customers cultural psychology through language skills and fancy pictures. On the contrary, without fail, we could realize the cultural differences through varied advertisements. III. Cultural Differences in Advertisements between China and Western Counties Today, with the development of the technology and the spread of the mass media, advertising has a widely influence to our daily life. However, whatever promoting strategies advertising companies use, the language is the main carrier of the message. As Vestergaard Schroder (1985: 246) point out, advertising takes many forms, but in most of them language is of crucial importance. Advertising language is presented in a style that has immediate impact with the intent of rapid persuasion. In the world market, the translation of advertising language is essential for the effective transmission of advertising and thus the sale of products. However, before the translation is undertaken, having a good knowledge of both the similar and different characteristics of advertising language used in the West and in China is a must. In this section the author would like to talk about it in the following aspects. 3.1 Values Cultural values is a criterion that people judge the good and the bad, the beautiful and the ugly, the worthy and the unworthy, the clean and the dirty, the correct and the wrong, the kind and the cruel, the just and the unjust, the decent and the indecent and so on. Psychologist Henry Murray defined that value is the psychological reflection of basic demands, which should be changed by the real world. That is to say values are a kind of thought eager for something. In this section the author like to talk about it in the following aspects. 3.1.1 Individual vs. Collectivity Generally speaking, western culture encourages individual orientation that is more concerned about their own interests, as well as individual successes and achievements, and is self-centered, with emphasis on personal dignity, and encourages and praises those who have wealth to the challenges and difficulties of people. By comparison, the eastern nations show more hierarchical groups orientation and the orientation of the overall interests of nation and prominent family, with particular emphasis on finding family interests and family ethics and coordinating relations. Thus, the traditional Chinese culture recognizes the value of the individual, to a certain extent, from individuals and groups (family, religious and national) such cultural difference is a clear manifestation in advertising home and abroad. China is a large traditional agricultural social pattern, so it focuses on the Chinese cultural system collectivism, authoritative character. Chinese people have strong patriotic feelings, emphasizing national self-esteem, self-belief. The following examples are inclined to illustrate this view. Zhonghua toothpaste: à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã…“à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­ (Hu Zhongli, Zhu LijuanWang Yafei, 2007). 10 years of ups and downs, China forever in our hearts The ads not only show this brand enjoys years of popularity but also expresses that Chinese people love their motherland through the homophonic pun. The following examples are no exception to this rule. à §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ± MeiLing refrigerator à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ± Chinese life, Chinese MeiLing à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¢ ChangHong Group Cooperation à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦- Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Å’Ã §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ » ChangHong shoulder the mission of dedicating itself to the service of its motherland and nation prosperity. This not only reflects the growth of Chinas national industry is the reality, but also expresses peoples national pride and inspires love of national goods, contributing to the revitalization of the national industries. In the United Statesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’as a dominant social individualism, personal unique personality means the pursuit of his own words, behavior, thought and distinctiveness. Advertisement of American Opel car directly advertised product unique, highlighting their seeking personality traits. All cars are the same these days. Weve all heard this said. But not by anybody who knows about Opel. Coincidentally, an advertisement of Porsche sports car with a brilliant attractive picture of a red sports car running rapidly on the Highway, creates Lonely wolf image as luxury sport cars driving through a forest. There is no doubt that such advertising can meet management objectives, such as young consumers desire for self-expression, the pursuit of brilliant psychological cause. From the above examples, it is not difficult to see that self-expression, independent spirit and values of individuals struggling to be fully reflected in the advertising. 3.1.2 Love vs. Respect To some extent, love and respect are synonymy for they have much in common. By the respect love from, and love distillated to respect is a process of quantitative and qualitative change, but they cannot be the same. Respect is always from the lower to the upper while love is equal regardless of level and class. With traditional cultural influence of each own, Chinese advertisement is respect-oriented while western countries love-oriented. This is because in China, filial piety is a virtue. Chinese people deeply feel the responsibility of the family. Not only morally, but also legally, children have the obligation and responsibility of maintenance for the elderly. Filial piety is a faithful, honest basis. One Expression of filial piety is distinguishing elderly. Such values have been strengthened in advertising. Lets take a look at two medicine ads in China and abroad. Health Protection Yangshen in television advertising: On the Screen, the son acted by movie star Huang Rihua is worried about his fathers health, so he buys him today Yangshen which will probably benefit his physical condition. But probably as a result of little communication between the father and son, its a little difficult for the son to find the way to present Yangshen to his father. When the son is practicing father, I love you in his room, the father breaks in and looks at the son with surprise and misunderstanding. At this time, the son hands Yangshen over to his father and speaks out father, I love you, then we could see the tear in the fathers eyes. Adalat Oros advertisement of preventing cardiovascular medicine: a picture of a healthy elderly full of energy and spirit and together with his newly young married wife wearing her wedding dress in front of the church, his self-confidence and charming smile on his face. Advertising language is: He should live longer than he expected. Two commercials are both good advertising, but also illustrate different cultural foundation in Chinese and Western world. One is respect oriented, and the other love oriented. YangShen advertising today shows that in the Chinese family, child shows respect to his father at first, then the love. Commercials take full advantage of the Chinese culture; achieving an effect that Yangshen is not only just for health supply but a token to express love. Likewise, Adalat Oros is a kind of medicine. It takes the performance by using humor that two people with age gap get married, the advertisements feature mock language, relaxed and candidly conveying brand concept: Love for your health is treasure and cherish life! The high confidence from high-hold head of the young lady and the crafty smile of the old fellow clearly manifested the contest between love and life (Wang Chunmei, Wan YinongZhang Lei, 2006). 3.1.3 Authority vs. Freedom China has experienced a long history in the feudal society, as its mainstream culture, Confucianism has been widely influencing the lives of Chinese people, who have also formed a less thinking mode advocating moderation and upholding the authority. This is reflected in the life of the people, who will always take professional judgment and authority sector report as golden rule without any suspicion. Thus, Chinas advertising is always full of experts and recommends certification of authority sector. By comparison, the Western advertisers are more inclined to create an image for the brand, giving expression to the peoples desire for individuality and freedom. We could see the differences in the following advertisement. à ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å" à ©Ã…“ ² à ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ : à ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ©Ã…“ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦-â„ ¢Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…’ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ©Ã…“ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸-à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡40à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡(CSA )à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‹Å" ²Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡(CPMA)à ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ The company selected high quality tooth-cleaning materials, fully in line with national standards. This toothpaste does not wear the teeth, but makes it clean and glossy. It has been recognized by more than 40 Dental Associations in the world and more Chinese experts choose this brand. CSA and CPMA recommend the brand. Safeguard, a brand of fancy soap, also takes the print of Chinese Medical Association as an attractive point. In the western advertisement, seldom do we find the reorganization of authority. As for the westerners, freedom and individualism is much more important. Nike Just do it Marlboro Come to where the flavor is Come to Marlboro Country (Han Ping, 2005). Marlboro is a name of cigarette. Here Marlboro Country refers to the people who smoke this kind of cigarette which makes people forget their manual processes, thus there is a yearning for freedom to return to the nature. Flavor has two meanings here. One is the unique taste; the other is the special dress and grace of the smoker. Marlboro man represents the most successful, most influential brand image in the century. He is dressed in jeans, riding a tall courser, with a cigarette in his mouth and blue sky as background. All this is a symbol of pizzazz, and freedom, which many young men pursue. Commercial advertisers take this image serving as a foil to the passionate, adventurous, exciting and free life which people are yearning and pursuing. Because this advertisement fully satisfies the westerners expectation for freedom, Marlboro receives an agreeable and delectable return. 3.1.4 Contribution vs. Enjoyment China is a large agricultural social pattern; the Chinese put much stress on collectivism, authoritative character, submitting to nature. The advertisement reflected the characteristics of Chinese culture. à ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã… ¡Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¨,à ©Ã‚ »Ã‹Å"à ©Ã‚ »Ã‹Å"à ¦-  Ãƒ ¨Ã… ¡Ã…  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã…’ ® (Hua Li mosquito killer) Hua Li mosquito killer makes the world no mosquitoes. This arouses resonance in the minds of consumers. As for the westerners, they have a tendency of enjoyment. There is a popular saying in the USA: Work hard, and enjoy yourself. An important concept of Americans working is separating work hours and leisure time. In their view, the work is no doubt important, but entertainment and relaxation is the best way to improve efficiency. The following ads are the best certification. Enjoy absolute Vodka, enjoy life, it deserves you. (Vodka) Just for the taste of it. (Coca Cola) Be youngà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’have fun, drink PEPSI. Take time to indulgeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ NES Ice creamà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °These advertisements demonstrate the consumers concept: enjoy life, seek for abundant consumption, and possession of pleasing products. 3.2 National Trait Every country has its own nation trait, according to these nation traits; we mean the qualities, characteristics, tendencies, values, moral principles and beliefs. All of them are a part of culture. Here, the author from three aspects respective to illustrate and exhibit the cultural differences. 3.2.1 Traditional vs. Newfangled Chinese people love jubilant scenes, love to listen to auspicious words. A lot of the advertising language starting from the basic mass psychology fully reflects radiant spare atmosphere. For example: à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼, à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ We wont accept presents this festival except Naobaijin (A kind of health protection food) On the screen, the family, including old and young, with cheerful expression, shows the harmony and happiness. à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡, à ¦Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡(Instant Noodle Advertisement) (Much happiness, much satisfaction) à ¥Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ…“à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶(Wine Advertisement) (Kongfu family wine reminds people of home) All in all, most advertisements of wine and food have an obvious Chinese characteristic, and also embody the traditional character of à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥-Å“Ã ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¢(auspicious words in China). Western culture encourages people to develop innovation, self-advocacy, and liberalism, emphasizing individuality, personal values, particularly advocating individual, equality, competition and frank vocal, active participation and self-affirmation of the export-oriented character. Reflected in the words in the language of advertising, it shows a personalized curriculum and creates something unconventional. The following is an ad for Motorola. Baked, Drenched, Tested to the extreme. A Motorola cellular phone stands tough in the face of torture. Just ask Danielle Bel1, whose phone came back from the ashes of a threealarm fire. Motorola, the best- sellingà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’most preferred cellular phones in the world. This is a unique advertising idea; a picture of the Motorola mobile phone of deformation, there must be nothing but a big disaster. Clearly it will leave a lasting impression. Another ad for tyre: Even its footprint tells you its different (Han Ping, 2005). You will find everything unique and fresh in advertising language. 3.2.2 Implicative vs. Outright Different cultural backgrounds decide different expressions. Chinese people express affection, friendship and love with implicit personality in the advertising language. à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ ´-à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ §Ã‚ ²Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  : A Little girl used Diaopai washing powder to wash clothes while her mother went out to find job. And she left a note: Mum, I can help you with housework. This love for Mum touched all the people who watched it. à ¥- Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ (Health Products Advertisement) (Xu Dezhen, 2003). The advertisement expressed the implicative and self-evident affection between wife and husband. But in western countries the expression of affection is very explicit. For instanceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Take the phone to pass your loveà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ The originality is that the daughter from thousands of miles away called her parents, who were having their dinner, and said: I love you. There is another advertisement on TOYOTA: I love what you do for me (Xu Dezhen, 2003). The open-and-shut character fully revealed its candor. 3.2.3 Conservative vs. Extroverted Chinese and western culture has differences in orientation and understanding on sex. Our advertising regulations specifically prohibit a picture of temptation and seduction or sexual content. Even if it is necessary to involve related content, it will become implicit and hidden. Owing to the relatively conservative nature of the concept, many perfume and cosmetics advertisements stress implicitness. For instance: à ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ « This year you are 20, next year 18. (Baili Soap) (Xu Dezhen, 2003). à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½ Keep young, keep charming. (Cosmetics advertisement) à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ §-ËÅ"à §-ËÅ"à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ §Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  ! Pox disappears. (Cosmetics advertisement) But in the western countriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’advertisement concerning sex can be found everywhere, and the exposed beautiful women is common. An ad for Charlie perfume: The generous, sexy-young fragrance. By Revlon (Wu Keming, 1999: 178). Close-up toothpaste: Your perfume turns him on. Will your breath turn him off? Such an advertisement is not allowed in China, but it seems that the Western advertisement composers take delight in it. 3.3 Thinking Mode Thinking is an important part, highest rally, main designer and commitment of human culture. In other words, thinking is the underlying essence of human cultural phenomenon. Thinking can be divided into two basic types: intuitive thinking and logical thinking. Chinese advertisements focus on intuitive thinking while the westerners stress logical thinking. The advertisement witnessed the different thinking modes in China and West. Take telecom advertisement as an illustration. In order to express the concept of Telecom communicates, heart communicates, Chinese telecom spares no efforts in five different dribs and drabs in daily life: Communication is solicitude (father and son); Communication is love (mine worker date); Communication is share (quarrel between couple); Communication is understood (father and son); Communication is respect (teacher and student). Directly, it tells the customers that telecom can shorten distance between people and make communication convenient without space limitation but intendment and true feelings (Xu Dezhen, 2003). China telecom spends so much time, only in hope of passing the concept clearly and directly. Its not difficult for us to realize the thinking way of the originality is intuitive thinking. It not only tallies with the Chinese traditional thinking way but suits the cultural habit of the audiences. And the same is telecommunications advertising. The United States ingeniously introduced only one life detail: Yawnin g. A man walking on the street has a causal yawn, a woman not far follows him another yawn, and then one elderly is also infected with a yawn. And what even more interesting is the pet doggie accompanying them with yawning. At the sight of this picture, at first, I didnt realize what it wants to appeal for at the very moment. Just then the words hit the mark with a single comment: Communicating is very simple. This is a perfect advertising; I cant but admire the western logical ideation. Yawning is only a normal phenomenon, but the western advertisers tell the customers that communication is as easy as yawning. You can communicate with any one at any time if you are willing to. 3.4 Attitudes towards Animals, Numbers, and Plants People living in different cultures backgrounds may have their own different attitudes and thoughts towards animals, numbers, and plants. One culture may not mean the same in another. That is why the same words have different meaning in different countries. The differences caused by such words in advertising may be illustrated with the following examples. We all know that Chinese people often regard bats as a good luck because the Chinese character à ¨Ã‚ Ã‚   sounds the same as à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  (meaning good fortune or blessing). Some Chinese legends say that when a bat lives 100 years, it turns white in color and hangs upside down from a tree, and eating that bat could bring person longevity. A red bat foretells even better luck for à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚   sounds exactly the same as à ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  (being supremely fortunate) (Hu Wenzhong, 2005). But in western cultures the translator must adapts their linguistic habit to the different attitude towards the animal, they do not think Bat is a good name, because bat is regarded as an extremely evil omen in much European folklore. So may be translations like Fortunes better. Sometimes numbers can lead to a variety of associations. Common speaking, every culture has some numbers. It is believed to be either fortunate or sometimes sinister, However, that may sometimes different. Then we take the translation of 7-up for example, which is a brand of soft drink. Many English speaking countries deem that the number 7 is a very luck number for the peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’while Chinese people dont think so. The meaning is different in Chinese eyes. According to the cultural difference, the translator is trying to make the same effect among the Chinese buyer. So they work out the name à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥-Å“. The name of it is very acceptable for the people because its first part à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™ is faithful to the brand name without transmitting any unfavorable meaning, and its second part à ¥-Å“transmit the meaning of happy and good luck, and so offset the loss of connotation in the number 7. Finally, plant words also have different meanings in different cultures. For example, the brand named à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢, Chinese people think it means clean and honest. But to English people, the word narcissus means a self-loving person. So if these washing machines use such a brand name, cultural adaptation is necessary to western consumers. So the word Daffodil might be more suitable. In brief, using these types of words as brand names in a global market often means taking a risk. As we have said, the producers should be more careful when creating such brand names in advertising (Zhou Ruxin, 2004). Cultural conflict and difference is almost everywhere, even the exiguous part shouldnt be neglected. So it is a wise decision to take the above cultural element into consideration while bringing the products into world market. 3.5 Geographical Location Differences In cultures, the location may be regard as an important element. In languages, different locations have different languages cultures, and it can interpret differently in different cultures. For example, snow has become an indispensable part of Eskimos life. So they have a quite large vocabulary of different kinds of snow in their language. While people living in India can hardly imagine what is snow, what snow looks like. So there is no word for snow. There is another example: China has once produced a series of agricultural machines called à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ because of the geographical location of China. Chinese people think that à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ is a symbol of warmth which means good omen. In China, it means advantageous conditions as the Chinese à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ (Zhou Ruxin, 2004). But in western countries, east wind has totally different meaning. For them, their west wind is the same as our east wind. Therefore, though the brand name was put into East Wind, many people hold that the more proper name might be West Wind. IV. Conclusion Culture is the product of historical development of human beings. Advertising is the product of social and economic highly development. In modern society, advertising plays an increasingly heavy role. In a sense, the advertising impacts on our lives all aspects. It not only transmits product information to us, more transmit a kind of cultural awareness. As for the cultural differences, a number of scholars have tried to explain it in different aspects. In the past on the study of cultural differences in advertising, people tended to pick the perspective of linguistics, focusing on the vocabulary, syntax and rhetoric identity, but it is not limited to language but rather a cultural phenomenon. Advertisement , as a community cultural patterns, since its naissanceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’embodies cultural uniqueness and nationality. On the basis of the formers, the author collected a large number of materials, trying to discuss cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. But cultural background of one nation, after all, has obstacle. In the contemporary world, with the development of globalization, no matter Chinese or Western advertising, cultural dialogue and cross-cultural communication is absolutely necessary to survive and make further development. Thus the advertisement both in China and west can win amalgamation. Boldly speaking, our purpose is to make the current advertisement to achieve a bourn of seeking common points while reserving difference, seeking uniqueness while together. This study attempts to provide some information for the advertisers through comparison between Chinese and Western advertisements in the process of international and int ercultural communication.

Desires for freedom :: essays research papers fc

Desire for Freedom and Desire for Limitations on Freedom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People have the desire for freedom as well as a desire for limitations on their freedom. Freedom and the limitations on freedom are both needed to live peacefully. Absolute freedom cannot be achieved because when you take away limitations you take away a freedom. With out rules governing our society, people would be able to do what they want to each other with out fear of punishment. An examination of the advantages and disadvantages of both arguments helps this become clearer. One of the major reasons freedom is so desirable is because many of the limitations on freedom are disallowing humans the right to have control over their bodies. Control of the human body is the only thing that people have power over. A large number of the prohibited freedoms are crimes where the criminal makes himself the victim. For example, the use of drugs, prostitution, suicide, vagrancy, minor in possession, dodging the draft, entering the country illegally, and disregard for the age limits set on the purchase of pornographic materials. All of these crimes are punishable under the law. These crimes are set apart from most others because the person willingly chooses to victimize themselves (An exception can be made sometimes in the case of prostitution if they are being forced to prostitute against there own will). What people choose to do to themselves, in my opinion, is the least of our worries as a country. The last thing the government should have control over is what you c hoose to do to yourself. As long as you are not directly harming anyone else in the process, the government should not waste their time and money on something that is so trivial in comparison to crimes involving a victim. In general, people do not agree with the government controlling what they can and cannot do to themselves. It should be no one's decision but the people if they want to be homeless, drug addicted, or a prostitute. As long as the only damage done affects the self. These laws only exist in response to popular demand. An immense amount of money, time and labor goes to waste dealing with these types of crimes. It would be a lot more productive and profitable to let people have rule over what they do to our bodies. There is no reason why we need to put this much energy into people who will rid of themselves for us.

Analysis of Self and Architecture

TO THEORIZE ARCHITECTURE BASED ON ANALYSIS OF SELF & A ; ARCHITECTURE Takaharu Tezuka was born in twelvemonth 1964 in the metropolis of Tokyo, Japan. He received his Bachelors from the Musashi Institute of Technology in Japan and Masters in Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania in the United States of America. He so worked for Richard Rogers Partnership Ltd from twelvemonth 1990 to 1994 in London. Together with his married woman, they established Tezuka Architects in twelvemonth 1994 and have won legion awards for their broad scope of work from the Japan Institute of Architects Prize and the AIJ Annual Architectural Commendations for Roof House and Kids Design Award, the Ministry Prize Gold Prize for Fuji Kindergarten in 2007. His calling so started blossoming with other undertakings runing from houses, commercial and educational edifices, community undertakings and even universe renowned museums and exhibitions. Designed and built in twelvemonth 2012 to ease drama and kid development based around Montessori rules, Yamamotochou Fuji Kindergarten is an excessive pre-primary school in Tokyo, Japan. The most bewitching component is so its outstanding halo-shaped signifier which accommodates about 600 kids. This design maximises and utilises the full the tight urban site by consciously including the sense of drama, with a roof deck environing the full single-storey construction with a big enclosed cardinal courtyard. â€Å"While we are busy working, besides we are besides inspired by our kids. We found out kids loves doing circles. It is a sort of natural inherent aptitude, so we were inspired to do the edifice unit of ammunition so they can maintain running around† . With its round orientation, the courtyard becomes a cardinal point to run into for the preschoolers, carry throughing a intentional system of togetherness. Tezuka besides designed the kindergarten by integrating bing trees st ick outing from the buiding, which provides a sense of welcoming of nature but besides acts a green canopy. Their thought of The Fuji Kindergarten architectural analysis was based on 3 theories, which is climatic factors, architectural theory and design schemes. As for design schemes, the inside informations are really clean and precise, all the things of what high-end architecture is approximately. There is a sense of graduated table to the bannisters, door grips, floor, ceiling tallness and H2O fountains which are so good considered for the graduated table of the users. To suit different group sizes and different activities, all the furniture can easy be moved and rearranged. As for the chairs and desks for the childs, many wooden boxes are used to divide smaller countries which besides act as extra benches for siting. These boxes are besides used to hive away drama points, larning stuffs and children’s coats and places. This provides great flexibleness, and the interior infinite is often reconfigured through the twelvemonth. Besides, the railings designed harmonizing to kids graduated table. Rail ings are placed at each border of the roof to maintain kids safe. The infinites between the bannisters are besides sufficient plenty to let kids to sit on the roof and swing their legs over the eaves of the roof during assemblies or occasions. As for the fanlights, it allows kids to look down into the suites below. Individual fanlights are designed in each schoolroom to let the natural sunshine to ooze in. Children could besides mount up rope ladders taking up to the fanlight. The three trees embedded in the edifice besides form a drama characteristic. Children can scramble in the subdivisions or drama in the cyberspaces that are placed around the short pantss to forestall anybody falling through to the suites below. In maintaining with the school’s educational ethos of non-directed drama and find, there is no fixed drama equipment on the roof or in the courtyard, with the exclusion of a slide associating the roof to the land. Takaharu believes that this will further regard f or nature, so that kids could play around it and extinguish psychological barriers between in and out. Last but non least is the particularization of ceiling tallness and the usage of traditional visible radiation bulbs. With the consideration of the graduated table of a kid, the ceiling highs are set to 2.1m which stresses an utterly near the land degree to the rooftop. Takaharu Tezuka besides had the thought of utilizing traditional bare visible radiation bulbs with strings attached in this edifice to educate the childs about the manner visible radiation is produced when they pull on and off. ARCHITECTURAL THEORY The Fuji Kindergarten architectural theory was based on 5 Le Corbusier’s 5 points of Architecture which is, the free design land floor program, roof garden, pilotis, free design facade and horizontal Windowss. Based on the free design land floor program, the school is designed to promote kids to mix and weave around the infinite which promotes self-discovery and to research without intervention. It besides encourages societal accomplishments and eliminates hierarchal constructions preschoolers to mix and steer about at will. Besides, no fixed walls are placed between schoolrooms, so the kids can travel in between category freely. As for the roof deck, it is an advanced drama resource. It has a little incline towards the interior perimeter, which at a tallness of merely 2.1m allows staff at land degree to maintain an oculus on kids playing up above. With specific border of a start to an terminal, kids would of course run about the roof without vacillation. This besides boosts t he action and wellness of the children.Based on pilotis, the columns are non merely designed to back up the construction but to extinguish back uping walls that would impact the physical and ocular connexion within the kindergarten. The Fuji Kindergarten free design of facade separated from the outside of the edifice from its structural map. Stilts and thin seeable floor slabs sites absolutely into the bing site. This besides encourages kids to play about and research the construction of edifice. Last, horizontal Windowss run along the full kindergarten to let suites to be lit every bit. CLIMATIC FACTORS During most of the twelvemonth, the big sliding screens that form the interior wall of the edifice are pushed back, opening up the interior infinites to the sheltered courtyard in the centre of the school. This provides unobstructed positions throughout the kindergarten. It ensures that the suites are ever good ventilated and, as a effect, there is no demand for an air conditioning system. Other systems have been carefully designed to work in the unfastened interior infinite. During winter, the sliding screens remain closed and suites are kept warm by utilizing underfloor warming system. Lighting can be adjusted utilizing ceiling-mounted pull chords, leting instructors and kids to command the degree of illuming in their portion of the edifice. As Japan has a long history of holding frequent temblors. The columns are placed somewhat farther apart and specifically designed for temblors. Besides, the edifice is besides surrounded by large trees which shade the roof during hotter period like summer. Throughout his calling, â€Å"Takaharu Tezuka holds a profound belief in the construct of design with a surgical knife instead than a hack saw, and the importance of making functional places unambiguously catered to the occupants populating within.† ( 2014, Levin ) As a decision for his architecture believes, Takaharu Tezuka summarized that â€Å"Our minimal art is non a manner but a effect. We try to do a undertaking where we ourselves want to populate or remain. We believe the reply can be found in our life style. We are seeking to hold a normal happy life, and the life of human being is ever the ultimate intent of architecture† . Architecture is a like a linguistic communication with vocabulary that carries messages and communicates significances. By utilizing this architectural linguistic communication, based on my theory of ego, I think Takaharu tezuka has merely one thought, which is to stress on human activity and connectivity. He is really inventive and demanding when planing architectural inside informations. Architecture imaginativeness is steadfastly rooted into Takaharu’s cardinal apprehension of construction, stuffs and economic sciences. There’s a touch of material elegance in the architectural signifiers and preciseness of the structural solutions. These personal touches are emerged from understanding their client’s life style and aspirations. However, there is no uncertainty that beyond these facets, Tezuka is even more interested in abstract and allusive qualities of architecture like infinite and visible radiation. His work is besides singular for its mutableness, its abili ty to take on different visual aspects depending on the season, clip of twenty-four hours and the activity of the residents. The architecture responds to these conditions freely, largely by changing the grade of closing or openness in taking to hike the quality of architectural mutableness. Tezuka’s work seems like it is tied into a long tradition of Nipponese Common architecture good known for skiding doors, screens and removable elements. These are exactly the elements that most intrigued the early modernist who visited from the West to Japan, such as blunt Lloyd Wright and Walter Gropious. Through the influences of those designers, the impression of flexible spacial boundaries entered the architectural imaginativeness of planetary modernism. Tezuka designs a client’s house which includes elements of sunshine, air current and humidness that has an undeniable touchable freshness. These are places suited to citizens of the 21stcentury which combines and embraces nature into simple life. Mentions MentionsPlaning for instruction. 2011. p48 Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oecd.org/edu/innovation- education/centreforeffectivelearningenvironmentscele/48533289.pdf on 22 June 2014Design and Trend. 2013. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.designntrend.com/articles/3813/20130412/worlds-best-classroom-japan-fuji-kindergarten-wraps-around-100-year.htm on 22 June 2014Planing for Education: Collection of Exemplary Educational Facilities. 2011. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //edfacilitiesinvestment-db.org/facilities/9 on 22 June 2014